While the shopfronts perhaps have the biggest visual impact on the buildings taking part in the Townscape Heritage Initiative, another large aspect of the scheme has been work to the windows of the properties. When looking to secure the fabric of the building, windows that are water – and draught – proof are an integral part; and having the right (or wrong) sort of windows can have a huge impact on the visual appeal of a building.

As such, the majority of the buildings being worked on under the scheme have reference to the windows under the proposed schedule of works – in particular, sash windows.

Sash windows, with their distinctive sliding panels, have been a hallmark of architectural elegance and functionality for centuries. Their history is rich and intertwined with significant historical events and architectural styles.

Origins and Early Development

The exact origins of sash windows are somewhat debated. Some historians credit the invention to Robert Hooke, an English scientist and architect, while others suggest a Dutch origin. The term “sash” itself is derived from the French word “chassis,” meaning frame. The earliest surviving examples of sash windows date back to the 1670s, found in notable English buildings such as Ham House in Surrey.

The 17th Century: A Response to Fire Safety

Sash windows gained prominence in England following the Great Fire of London in 1666. New building regulations aimed at improving fire safety led to the adoption of sash windows, which were less likely to catch fire compared to the wooden casement windows used previously. This period marked the beginning of their widespread use in English architecture. While the Townscape Heritage Initiative doesn’t have any buildings of this age (somewhat ironically, largely due to a fire in the early 18th century that destroyed a significant portion of Lord Street), it is important to go right back to the start.

Georgian and Victorian Eras: The Golden Age

The Georgian era saw sash windows become a defining feature of architectural design. The classic “six over six” configuration, with six panes of glass in each sash (so devised as larger panes of glass weren’t possible with Georgian glass making technologies), became the standard. These windows not only enhanced the aesthetic appeal of buildings but also allowed for better ventilation and natural light.

During the Victorian era, sash windows evolved further. Innovations included the use of larger panes of glass and more intricate designs. To maintain the structural integrity of these larger-paned windows, Victorian sashes typically include ‘horns’ on the upper sash – functional alongside being decorative.

Edwardian Period and Beyond

The Edwardian period continued the tradition of sash windows, often incorporating elements from both Georgian and Victorian styles. Double-hung sash windows with a “six over two” glazing configuration became popular. However, the rise of casement windows and changes in architectural trends led to a gradual decline in the use of sash windows after World War I.